Development of Artificial Sweat Experiment

Development of Artificial Sweat Experiment 3.0 Literature Review : 3.1 Biosensor The terminology for biosensor is usually used for equipment or devices used to monitor the metabolic system or element of biomocules. In addition, the particular term used, is referring to a sensor that uses a biological element, such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA, microorganisms or cell. Besides that, based on the IUPAC,it state that biosensor is an integrated equipment that have the capability to give a good analytical data and information in terms of qualitative and quantitative by using the element of biological recognition that interact with the transducer. Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show the schematic diagram. Gambar Rajah dalam buku 3.1.1 Structural Component of Biodetection The partition in a biosensor that can operate with optimum condition consists of 3 components which are, (a) Bio-recognition elements, where the biomolecules are being placed and integrated which normally known as the immobilization on the surface of sensor, (b) Transducer or Detector devices, where the electrochemical and optical transduction occurs, (c) Processing Signal. Gambar rajah dalam buku 3.1.2 Immobilization Bioreceptor In the development of biosensors, the bioreceptors or biomolecules are important in selectively and add with the sensitivity to certain analytes, to ensure that they need to be situated and connected with a transducer in order to achieve the effectiveness of the biosensor in detecting certain analyte. The immobilization bioreceptor’s techniques involves, Adsorption, Microencapsulation, Entrapment, Covalent Attachment and also Cross-Linking. (gambar rajah dalam buku) 3.1.3 Performance of Biosensor In the development of biosensors, things that should be emphasized is the operated performance of the biosensor in detecting analytes. The biosensor performance covers the aspects of the selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, solution conditions, the â€Å"responds time† ( tr), the â€Å"delay time† (td) and also the â€Å"lifetimes†. 3.1.4 Application Related to Smart Wearable of Biosensor For Sweat Sensor There are various types of application in sensors that already applicable in the market, such as Smart Bra, Thick-film textile-based amperometic sensors and biosensors, Global Positioning System, Wireless Hands-free Communication, Smart Shirt and the most important sensor, is Smart Sensor that will be discussed in this research. (gambar smart patch) 3.2 Sweat Generally, we know that sweat is excreted by sweat glands while the other term in this review, define the term for human sweat as nonexercise-induced eccrine (thermoregulatory) sweat which is secreted by healthy person and but not focusing on the Apocrine. A person, body region, diet, season, degree of acclimation, activity level ,race ,gender ,and also the sampling techniques can give high possibility affect to the variety in the composition of sweat between an individual. (Buckley and Lewis, 1960; Shirreffs and Maughan, 1997; Patterson et al., 2000, 2002; Hayden et al., 2004; Morgan et al., 2004; Shirreffs and Maughan, 1997; Jacobi et al., 2005; Robinson and Robinson, 1954). 3.2.1 Composition of Sweat : Human sweat is composed of highly variable amounts of primary electrolytes, ionic constituents, organic acids and carbohydrates, amino acids, nitrogenous substances, and vitamins and miscellaneous constituents (Fig. 1). Sweat is 99.0–99.5% water and 0.5–1.0% solids (half inorganic and half organic), with specific gravity of 1.001– 1.008 (Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954; Spector, 1956; Geigy, 1970, 1981; Altman and Dittmer, 1974; Agache and Candas, 2004). Nevertheless, this research report only focusing in the electrolyte, organic acids and carbohydrates and also pH. 3.2.1.1 Electrolytes In general, concentrations of electrolytes in sweat were highly changeable and can assume to be countless. The major constituents of electrolyte were Na and Cl, and the minority amounts were consists of Ca, K, and PO4 (Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954).In addition, there was reported in a journal that stated, the concentrations of primary electrolytes in the 45 formulations of artificial SSFL which were generally within ranges for human sweat. Unfortunately, median value were not be equivalentl to human sweat.There was lot of formulations lacked of many of the electrolytes present in human sweat (Fig. 1a). In such a case, some are as minimal as a solution of Na and Cl ions (Chiba et al., 1997; Mawn et al., 2005) while there was also occurred among the 45 formulations of artificial SSFL, 7 lacked Na ,8 lacked Cl, 41 lacked Ca, 38 lacked K, 44 lacked Mg, 34 lacked PO4, and all lacked HCO3 (Table 1). 3.2.1.2 Organic acids and carbohydrates The summary in Fig. 1c was shown the measurement of the concentrations of organic acids and carbohydrates which was reported in human sweat. (Mickelsen and Keys, 1943; Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954; Kuno, 1956; Spector, 1956; Elze and Oelsner, 1957b; Reed, 1969; Geigy, 1970, 1981; Altman and Dittmer, 1974; Kaiser et al., 1974; Stu ¨ttgen and Schaefer, 1974; Goldsmith, 1999; Guyton and Hall, 2000; Agache and Candas, 2004).However, Lactic acid was plentiful of these constituents and its average constitutes was 0.28% of sweat (Spector, 1956; Altman and Dittmer, 1974). Besides that, by reffering to the published Journal of SSFL, acidity of SSFL was due to the high concentrations of both lactic acid and pyruvic acid (Agache and Candas, 2004). The concentrations of organic acids and carbohydrates in 45 artificial SSFL formulations are also summarized in Fig. 1c. The concentration of lactic acid and glucose in artificial SSFL formulations were generally within ranges outlined for human SSFL. 3.2.1.3 pH The measurement of pH values for whole body are summarized in Table 2 (median = 5.3). Values of whole body sweat in Table 2, are from a very acidic pH 2.1 (Haudrechy et al., 1997) to an alkaline pH 8.2 (Altman and Dittmer, 1974). There was might be a variety of sweat pH during a period of sweating, either it become less acidic or more acidic (Robinson and Robinson, 1954) and by body region (Collins, 1957). In order to analyze the effects of alkaline sweat, an investigation had been done by using the pH greater than 7. (Jordinson, 1941; Collins, 1957; Brown et al., 1982; Emmett et al., 1988, 1994; Wainman et al., 1994; Schimper and Bechtold, 2005.Due to the various in sweat pH, many investigators have studied dissolution of a test article over a range of pH values (Gallay and Tapp, 1941; Collins, 1957; Brown et al., 1982; Hemingway and Molokhia, 1987). 3.2.2 Physiology of sweat There are two main types of sweat gland, apocrine and eccrine. Apocrine glands are the largest and they produce a viscous sweat containing lipids, cholesterol and steroids [12,13]. Eccrine glands operate almost the whole body and its amount between 2 and 4 million glands in adult skin. Thermoregulation is regulated by the eccrine sweat glands that helps in maintaining a constant body temperature, and hypothalamus become the centre in controlling the physiological sweat with normal rate of secretion ranging from 0.5 to 1mL/min. The characteristics of sweat is a clear hypotonic, and odourless fluid which consists of sodium, chloride, urea, lactate, organic and non-organic compounds [16]. The acidic nature of the excreted sweat is due to transportation and reabsorbing processes, which are relied on the physiological conditions that occur in the duct [17]. For instance, Patterson et al. has proven that the increased blood and sweat pH through the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate is caused by the induction of metabolic alkalosis. However, it is thought and assumed, this is because of the reduced sweat acidification in the reabsorbtive duct of the sweat glands. Furthermore, the relationship of sweat pH to sweat rate [9,15] and even for relationship of pH and sodium (Na+) levels in isolated sweat glands shown that they are directly proportional to each other. It is known that induce active sweating in human beings will give affect to the heat, mental stimuli, muscular exercise and carbon dioxide [20,21] as the sweating is continued to occur as long as the stimulation lasts and subsides quickly after it ends.. 3.2.3 Sweat collection and analysis The characteristics of sweat sampling and the special samples it requires deserve discussion separated from analysis that can be either different or similar to that in other biofluids. Nowadays, the purposes of sweat analysis are used even in optimizing the performance of athletes by studying the effects of dehydration but in the diagnosis of disease, detection of drug abuse, a method for testing deodorants .In addition, there are a lot of availability of different methods for the purposes of sweat collection and testing. However, the original method to test the components of sweat after exercise was revealed by using the whole bodywash down technique. Hence, all fluids lost during the aerobics are being stored for analysis [18].The following method was, sweat collection devices consisted of an occlusive bandage formed by one-to-three layers of filter paper, gauze or towel [5]. However, this kind of patch was time-consuming to apply, uncomfortably large, prone to detachment and yielded a small volume of sweat for analysis. In addition, it was found to alter the steady-state pH of the skin, the types of bacteria that colonize the skin and the transport characteristi cs of the skin, producing skin irritation [6]. To overcome these difficulties, non-occlusive sweat collection devices were developed, consisting of an adhesive layer on a thin transparent film of surgical dressing to which a absorbent pad and the overall being attached to the arm radial region. The transparent film just allow oxygen, water and carbon dioxide to pass through the patch, leaving healthy the underneath skin and prevents from the penetration of the non-volatile substances from the environment [5] .During wearing of the patch, sweat saturates the pad and slowly concentrates it, sweat components are retained, while water evaporates from the patch, thus misleading results of chloride concentration. Hence, its design does not allow to quantatize the concentrations of analytes in sweat, since the whole volume of secreted sweat is unknown. However, there is a commercial devices for sweat sampling are usually linked to subsequent determination of a given analyte by a dedicated instrument into which the sampler is inserted, as is the case with sweat collection for diagnosis of CF [10]. A recent, no validated sampler for a given application that circumvents sweat-volume related problems and fulfills the present trend to microdevices is a microstrip impregnated with a dye pH indicator [11]. A key aspect of sweat sampling is its noninvasive character, crucial in dealing with people such as hemophiliacs, blood sampling of whom is an either difficult or dangerous task. Sweat sampling can avoids risk of infections to patients who need daily analysis, rather than compared with urine, sweat sample preparation is less complex. Therefore, the use of sweat for commonly frequent analysis practices such as drug control in athletesis preferable. In short, sweat as clinical sample is almost free from impurities or interferents and sample preparation is simple and fast step is quite enough. The main limitations of sweat as clinical sample are the difficulty to produce enough sweat for analysis, sample evaporation, lack of appropriate sampling devices, need for a trained staff, and errors in the results owing to the presence of pilocarpine. In dealing with quantitative measurements, the main drawback is normalization of the sampled volume. Later on, the method has been discovered within the framework to produce results with a high coefficient of variation, which has lead to the development of sweat collection patches or capsules [22]. For instance, a disposable sweat collector developed by Brisson et al. that consisted of capsule created inside a flexible adhesive membrane pasted onto the skin [23]. After that, these collected samples are then stored at low temperatures for later analysis in a laboratory. Now, the pH of sweat can only be determined when the subject has already finished exercise and does not give any changes in the results which might occur between the beginning and end of an exercise session. Therefore, it can be validate that a real-time, wearable method of gathering and analysing sweat is preferable and in demand. Generally, this paper explains about the Development of Smart Patch with On-line Sweat Analysis .Besides that, artificial sweat has been chosen as it is an easily accessible fluid sample. The expected applications of this system for the personal health and sports performance and training. 3.2.3.1 Sweat analysis Sweating is naturally increased by nervousness, exercise, stress and nausea, and decreased by cold. Sweat excretion is also affected by other factors, such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, body location, hormonal imbalances, overactive thyroid gland and the sympathetic nervous system, and certain foods and medications A potential, general personal use of sweat is the recently developed smartphone application for in situ colorimetric detection, in prepared microchips, of pH changes in sweat correlated with chloride concentration and sweat rate which, during physical exercise, can indicate to users the proper time for hydratation [11]. 3.2.3 Artificial Sweat : 3.2.3.1 Historical of Artificial Sweat : The term artificial sweat is used throughout this review and encompasses historically used terms such as ‘‘artificial sweat,’’ ‘‘acidic artificial sweat,’’ ‘‘artificial perspiration,’’ ‘‘synthetic perspiration,’’ ‘‘synthetic sweat,’’ ‘‘sweat simulant,’’ and ‘‘simulated sweat.’’. 3.2.3.2 Benefits of a comprehensive artificial sweat Historical formulations of artificial sweat do not appear to have been characterized and often lacked many constituents present in human sweat. However, only four artificial formulations included more than one amino acid. No vitamins were included in any previous formulation of artificial sweat. Among all historical formulations, one of the most chemically comprehensive recipes was developed by Boman et al. (1983) but contains only select electrolytes, ionic constituents, organic acids, and amino acids. The novel formulation presented herein contains the known human sweat constituents at physiologically relevant levels which provides for a more accurate representation of human than previous artificial sweat models. Our novel artificial sweat formulation with composition that matches human is a chemically complex solvent. Preparation of this artificial sweat requires time and costs not associated with simpler formulations containing only the main constituents of sweat. However, caution must be used when excluding constituents. 3.2.3.3 Comparison to human sweat During formulation, we first balanced all ionic constituents and electrolytes except sodium and chloride. Additionally, concentrations of many human sweat constituents vary widely due to factors such as age, diet, season, degree of acclimation, and gender, making it difficult to design an artificial sweat solution that is universally valid. The artificial sweat formulation described in this paper is chemically more comprehensive than any of the 45 previously identified artificial sweat formulations and contains constituents that are nearly all present in concentrations that match median values in human sweat. However, in our review (Stefaniak and Harvey, 2006), we provided estimates of human sweat constituent concentration ranges, pH, and temperature variability that could be used to guide investigations of the relative importance of sweat factors on interactions with materials. In summary, our artificial sweat, represents a novel comprehensive artificial sweat at median constituent concentrations which equivalent to humans. (Stefaniak et al., in press),

Rogers Diffusion and Adoption Research Essay -- Research Papers Techn

Rogers' Diffusion and Adoption Research Why do technology initiatives fail despite their promises and boundless possibilities? From integrating technology in education to introducing technological innovation in agriculture, users acceptance presents a complex set of challenges to innovation diffusion. According to Everett Rogers, one reason why there is so much interest in the diffusion of innovations is because "getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is very difficult" (Rogers, 1995, p. 1). In the instructional technology field, the rapid advances in information technology urges on the educational reform. This reform created a need for more research in the educational application of technology as well as in the adoption and diffusion of instructional technology. According to Surry (1995), there are three reasons why the study of diffusion theory is beneficial to the field of instructional technology. First, most instructional technologists lack the knowledge of why their products are or are not adopted. Surry (1995) believes a study of diffusion theory could rectify this situation. Second, the field of instructional technology is often associated with the concept of innovations. Surry (1995) suggested that if instructional technologists understand the adoption and diffusion of innovation theory, they will be more prepared to work effectively with potential adopters. Third, Surry (1995) concluded the studies of the diffusion theory could result in developing a system atic model of adoption and diffusion for the instructional technology field. As instructional technologists, not only do we need to create well-designed products, we need to ensure the adoption of these produc... ... instructional technology. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Lefebvre, E. & Lefebvre, L. (1996). Information and telecommunication technologies: The impact of their adoption on small and medium-sized enterprises. Retrieved July 4, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/807/807.html Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.) New York: The Free Press. Schiffma, S.S. (1991). Instructional systems design: Five view of the field. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Surry, D.W. (1997). Diffusion theory and instructional technology. Retrieved July 6, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwitr/diffusion/index.html

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America felt the need to move towards the idea of foreign policy from 1895 to 1920; their success was a combination of idealism and self-interest. Both were influential in the decision to venture outside of U. S borders. America expanded due to idealistic view such as: The White Man’s Burden, Religious motivation, a social contract with the Western Hemisphere and the Spanish American War. However, self interest offered more of a substantial force with America’s desire for a stronger Navy, foreign market, power, pride, and the influences of the Roosevelt Corollary.When both ideas are combined they create one of the most influential and globally shaping decisions of our world. America’s decision to expand their foreign policy influenced their idealistic views. America especially felt the need to assist the less fortunate and successful nations in the western hemisphere, which is called the White Man’s Burden. This is described in (Document C). This poem show s the feelings of the American people, the poem’s optimistic tone and uplifting morale portrays the justification the colonization of less developed and successful countries.Many of America’s missionaries decided to leave the land of the free and help other countries and their populations through education and the gospel. Missionaries were sent out to spread their religion and to help people who were not as fortunate as others. American men and women set up schools and hospitals in SE Asia and taught children the basic principles of science and math. (Document D) shows a picture of American missionaries teaching in China. Citizens of the government served as inspiration for the expansion of its foreign policy.America was caught in a feeling of moral obligation to its western countries. It then became morally bound to help those in times of need. The government became stuck in their good deeds. It was difficult to maintain its policy of individualism with this moral arr angement. The Spanish American War was a main factor that led America to gain foreign policy. While Cuba was struggling for independence in the late 1890s, the Spanish created a form of concentration camps in response to the revolts to keep prisoners from assisting the rebels.They believed that if they kept the citizens in these camps, they could not mount a large enough force to overthrow Spanish power. Over the time of the camps habitation, approximately a third of all prisoners were killed by the time of the camps liberation. America felt obligated to assist the Cubans due to their burden of the white man, pushing their foreign policy higher. America was given no choice; they were forced to break down their wall of individualism. This was the impetus for America’s colonial expansion.Shortly after their adventures in Cuba, America gained both Puerto Rico and the Philippines. On the other hand, self-interest, a powerful and influential factor, influenced America greatly. Ame rica was still on the rise to becoming a world power; one requirement for a world power is a powerful and efficient Navy. America had the potential to become a sea power but it lacked power on the global stage. America’s Navy was centralized near the motherland; their navy had to be present in all waters across the earth. America needed ports around the globe to refuel and re-supply.By creating ports around the world, America expanded itself and became a created a global presence. Also a big problem in the early 1900s was overproduction, farmers continued to create more product than they could sell. This can be largely contributed to America’s lack of a foreign market. The American people alone were too small to consume all of the products. This need for foreign investors drove the Americans to expand for economic purposes. This can be shown by the excerpt in (Document B). † An introduction of foreign consumers brought an influx of variety and mixture of products .America was still standing outside of the world power circle peering in. This created a desire and want from the American people to become a world leader and global power. Greed for power pushed Americans to become more aggressive and assertive on the world stage. Americans saw the addition of colonies as a way to gain power and recognition on the world stage; this led to the colonization of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, some of Americas expansion is shown in (Documents E and F). One thing was for sure, America had war pride, it was the citizens duty to prove their success in war.This pride that they felt is shown in (Document A), where it states â€Å"Anew consciousness seems to have come upon us- the consciousness of strength-and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  An example can be found in the events following the publication of the De lome letter. Enrique Dupuy de Lome, who was the Spanish and Cuban Minister, wrote the letter. The letter stated that president McKinley was weak. The Americans found this offensive and shortly after its publication, the Spanish and Americans were at war. Document G) exhibits how Americans were done with their peripheral lifestyle; they were tired of being the little guy. The influences of the Roosevelt corollary were drastic and obvious. The proclamation showed America’s intentions and exhibited the fact that America was ready to expand and come out of its isolationist cocoon. It served as a message to the world that America had arrived on the global stage. However, America’s arrival on the world stage wasn’t without struggle. This struggle can be shown through (Document H). The political cartoon depicts the U. S.A joining happily with, or marrying, foreign entanglements through the League of Nations. It also depicts the U. S Senate objecting to the marriage showing that America’s decision to become a world power wasn’t without struggle or objection. The tension between what the people wanted and what the Senate wanted was on opposite spectrums. The people gained the win even though the Senate claimed it was against the Constitution. Obviously the push to expand America’s foreign policy cannot be attributed to idealism or self-interest alone. A combination of both created a push to leave the comforts of our borders.One is not more important than the other; they alone would not have achieved what is achieved today. This push created one of the largest current powers on the globe. One has to think; where would we be today if President Roosevelt and the American people had decided to stay isolated. America truly changed the name of the game by coming out of their bubble and stepping into the world. In retrospect Foreign Policy was not achieved through one thing, Foreign policy is like any good casserole; there are many ingredients and varying measurements of each.

The Christian Faith Essay - 2024 Words

I didn’t come from a particularly religious, or irreligious, household. Growing up, there was no solid, undoubting spiritual framework from which I could base my life on. There was never any Sunday morning â€Å"rush-hour,† where we would all eat a quick breakfast of bacon eggs before cramming into the car to go listen to a man, clad in white, preach sing to us about a creator. There was never any youth-group, or summer-camp, or bible study. Not to any fault of my parents, of course - I just wasn’t raised that way. That being said, I was still told about God, the bible, and the things that entail it. Despite the fact that I was never really, fully indoctrinated into the Christian faith, I was still being raised as a Christian, and that’s what I identified as for the majority of my childhood. I was Austin Tanner Herz, the 3rd grader, the lego-fanatic, the comic-book reading, lunchable eating, bed-jumping extraordinaire, the Christian. 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The Global Economy Has Changed Over Time - 953 Words

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Speech On Alcoholism And Drug Propaganda Essay - 2268 Words

Imagine for a second that you are not in control of yourself. You are not in control of what you do, say, hear, or remember. Imagine yourself weak and afraid, unable to break the chains that bound you to a hell of loneliness. Imagine yourself in this pit of despair, and suddenly light shines down on you, a voice calls out your name, and a ladder made of rope falls to your tired, achy body. Help has arrived. Your trembling hand reaches out, you grab the rope, and with all your might you pull your frail body up off the ground and begin your journey. Now, imagine yourself self doing this every day, every where you look you get assaulted by alcohol propaganda. Every time you get gas, go to the grocery store, watch television, read a magazine or newspaper. Even doing something as mundane as sitting in traffic, you can t seem to escape the torture of alcohol adds. Well, a study done by the NCAAD (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc.) that s what it feels like for 17.6 million people living in the United States who are battling alcoholism (6). The â€Å"War on Drugs† portrays the message that drugs like heroin and crack-cocaine are the dangers, but fails to mention that alcohol contributes to 3.3 million deaths annually, according to Jermaine D. Jones (6). All other drugs combined to an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. How is it possible that something so deadly and addictive can be legal? Why do people glorify drinking and indulge in such debaucheryShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesthe Two Chinese Boys in their dormitory room) †¢ E.g. Temasek Review: an anti-government news portal †¢ E.g. Political commentary by a certain Kway Teow Man †¢ E.g. â€Å"Everyone Draw Muhammad Day† Facebook Page. Emphasis need for freedom of speech and expression that is often curtailed in Muslim communities but ended up causing much unhappiness amongst Muslims because the central religious figure in Islam is not supposed to be visually depicted. Easy, convenient, effortlessly reach the globalRead MoreEssay on The Death of Alexander the Great7402 Words   |  30 PagesOur sources at any rate, are unanimous in supporting a number of such ominous portents shortly after Alexanders death. These are worth more consideration than they normally get. It is most often taken for granted that they were ex post facto propaganda, manufactured before the even, by those most interested in getting Alexander out of the way. They would certainly suggest that the kings death was due to divine or natural causes, rather than to human agency (472). This appears to be an attemptRead MoreFamily Tree19118 Words   |  77 Pagesdevelopment field. Recent definitions state that the ultimate goal of â€Å"development communication† is to raise the quality of life of populations, including increase income and well-being, eradicate social injustice, promote land reform and freedom of speech, and establish community centers for leisure and entertainment (Melkote 1991, 229). The current aim of development communication is to remove constraints for a more equal and participatory society. Although a multiplicity of theories and conceptsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagespoint, generate reasons for your own point, evaluate the reasons given by others, decide what or what not to do, decide what information to accept or reject, explain a complicated idea, apply conscious quality control as you think, and resist propaganda. Your most important critical thinking skill is your skill at making judgments─not snap judgments that occur in the blink of an eye, but those that require careful reasoning. You are not reasoning logically if, when you want a gorilla suit for

ORESTES Essay Example For Students

ORESTES Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. i. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1920. ORESTES: In reverence to thy age I dread to speakWhat I well know must pierce thy heart with grief.I am unholy in my mothers death,But holy, as my father I avenged.The veneration due to those grey hairsStrikes me with awe: else I could urge my pleaFreely and boldly; but thy years dismay me.What could I do? Let fact be weighed with fact.My father was the author of my being;Thy daughter brought me forth: he gave me life,Which she but fostered: to the higher causeA higher reverence then I deemed was due.Thy daughter, for I dare not call her mother,Forsook her royal bed for a rank styOf secret and adulterous lust: on meThe word reflects disgrace, yet I must speak it.?gisthus was this private paramour:Him first I slew, then sacrificed my mother:An impious deed; but I avenged my father.Thou threatenst the just vengeance of the state:Hear me: deserve I not the thanks of Greece?Should wives with ruffian boldness kill their husbands,Then fly for refuge to their sons, and think,Baring their br east, to captivate their pity,These deeds would pass for nothing, as the mood,For something or for nothing, shall incline them.This complot have I broke, by doing whatThy pompous language styles atrocious deeds.My soul abhorred my mother, and I slew her,Who, when her lord was absent, and in armsTo glorious conquest led the sons of Greece,Betrayed him, with pollution stained his bed;And, conscious of her guilt, sought not t atone it,But, to escape his righteous vengeance, pouredDestruction on his head, and killed my father.Now by the gods, though in a charge of bloodIll it becomes me to invoke the gods,Had I in silence tamely borne her deeds,Would not the murdered, justly hating me,Have roused the Furies to torment my soul?Or hath she only her assisting fiends,And he no favring power t avenge his wrongs?Thou, when to that bad daughter thou gavst birth,Didst give me ruin; for through her bold crimeI lost my father, and my mother slew.Seest thou Ulysses wife? TelemachusShed not her blo od; for she, unstained with vice,Guards her chaste bed with spotless sanctity.Seest thou Apollo, who to mortal earsSounds from his central cave the voice of truth?Him we obey in all that he commands:Obeying his commands, I slew my mother;Drag him then to your bar, put him to death;The guilt is his, not mine. What should I do?The guilt on him transferred, is not the godSufficient to absolve me? Where shall manFind refuge, if the god, at whose commandI did it, will not now save me from death?Then say not that these deeds were done not well,But to the doers most unhappily.If well accorded, the connubial stateFrom all its strings speaks perfect harmony;If ill, at home, abroad, the harsh notes jar,And with rude discord wound the ear of Peace.