The congenital heart disease Essays

The congenital heart disease Essays The congenital heart disease Essay The congenital heart disease Essay an Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) , Pneumonic Artery Stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ) ( Fig. 1 ) and Transposition of the Great Arteries ( TGA ) ( Fig. 2 ) . Congenital Heart Disease is now non merely a job of the kid, many people with the status are now populating into maturity. It is predicted that by 2010, 185,000 people will be populating in the UK with CHD ( Deanfield ( BHF ) 2003 ) . Treatment for Congenital Heart Conditions has changed quickly over the last 50 old ages. Now surgical direction is needed in most instances nevertheless some defects will either decide themselves or necessitate medicine. Surgical intervention has changed in recent times, fewer patients are necessitating unfastened bosom surgery and more are having a catheterization technique. Around 3,100 operations and 725 interventional cardiac catheterizations are performed each twelvemonth on babes and kids with CHD ( BHF 2003 ) . The effects of surgical intercessions on cardiorespiratory map have been exhaustively researched in the yesteryear. The surveies have concluded that surgery does better lung and cardiac map and reduces secondary complications ( Picchio 2006 ) . Exercise is widely known as the best intervention for most musculoskeletal jobs but its effects on the cardiorespiratory system has merely late been researched into ( Cullen 1991 ) . Pulmonary and Cardiac Rehabilitation have now been shown to hold an consequence in grownups but the research into pediatric rehabilitation categories is non widely known approximately. Other surveies have looked at exercising preparation or a cardiac rehabilitation programmes following surgery and the consequence of this on the patient s exercising tolerance. I am traveling to utilize this reappraisal to measure these surveies which look at both cardiac rehabilitation programmes and besides degrees of exercising tolerance following surgery. I want to discourse whether there are any spreads in the cognition base environing the effects of exercising in cardiac surgery of pediatricss. I besides want to reason whether the premise that exercising is positive, can be right justified. Method After make up ones minding a subject I was able to get down researching into the background country of pediatric cardiology. I started by utilizing a combination of footings including, Exercise, Sports, Physical Activity, Paediatrics, Children, Post-Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiac Rehabilitation. The hunt pages I found highlighted articles of relevancy and so I used the nexus to related articles to happen the surveies ( see appendix 1 ) . I besides searched on single diary web sites including, Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology in the Young. I used databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Ovid, Sciencedirect and Springerlink to read abstracts of articles and make up ones mind their relevancy to my reappraisal. I so selected the most relevant and used excel to roll up a tabular array where I could easy see the differences in the surveies under headers ( see appendix 4 ) . The surveies I am looking at are all based on pediatricss and are randomised controlled tests dating from 1981 to 2009. Although some of the surveies are about 30 old ages old, they hold some strong grounds compared to show twenty-four hours surveies and hence I have non discounted older surveies from this reappraisal. Other reappraisals have assessed whether exercising has an impact on cardiorespiratory public presentation and have been shown that an exercising rehabilitation category does supply benefits in cardiorespiratory public presentation and exercising capacity. Some of the surveies that are being reviewed nevertheless are reasoning with undistinguished findings. The reappraisals have stated that research lacks long-run effects of preparation and besides a clear apprehension as to which exercising type is best ( Tomassoni 1996 ) . In this reappraisal I will seek expression at newer surveies and see if the countries of cognition that were found to be omitted after old reappraisals have now been researched into. Review of Surveies First I am traveling to discourse the testing of the participants. All of the surveies completed two exercising trials to measure the participant s ability before and after either the cardiac rehabilitation plan or surgery. Exercise testing is really hard to reproduce. Many surveies have jobs with guaranting the trial is accurate and dependable and many battle, doing consequences and proving to be different and hence non comparable. If the consequences are non accurate and can non be compared to other surveies the consequences can do a alteration in mean consequences and therefore may misdirect readers into a false positive consequence. Each of the surveies used either a treadmill trial or a rhythm dynamometer to prove their participant s cardiorespiratory map and exercising tolerance. Using these two trials is the most common technique of proving map as it is really dependable. ( Washington 1994 ) All surveies used a specific protocol outlined in the Washington Guidelines with all of the surveies utilizing a treadmill trial with five of the 13 surveies utilizing Bruce s protocol. Bruce s protocol is where the class of exercising is increased every 3 proceedingss until the participant has reached their maximal capacity and can non go on. The bike dynamometer trials are where the participants are required to rhythm continuously at about 50-60rpm where the class of exercising is increased by 10-20 watts/ minute every three proceedingss. This is besides completed until the participant can no longer go on ( Washington 1994 ) . Exercise proving utilizing a treadmill or a rhythm dynamometer causes jobs because the undertaking they are set abouting in the trial are is non functional and do non associate to day-to-day undertakings. Runing and cycling is functional but non to that class of exhaustion. Many kids usually will halt an exercising when they are palling and will neer force themselves to the degree that these exercising trials are forcing them. The undertakings are besides non fun for the participants and I feel that it should be fun otherwise kids will acquire bored. This is the same with the intercession as good and the programmes should be child oriented and single to each kid. Result Measures are the footing to the consequences of a survey and therefore its effectivity. A deficiency of certain outcome steps may demo big defects in a survey as many can be used to measure different parts of map and physiological activities. In the surveies looking at the effects of cardiovascular surgery, there were a limited figure of outcome steps that were looked at. Sarubbi ( 2000 ) merely looked at bosom rate and blood force per unit area as result steps and this limits consequences. The chief result steps were bosom rate, blood force per unit area and maximal work rate in all the surveies. These result steps although really limited are values that help us to understand cardiovascular activities. Other helpful steps would hold been oxygen impregnations, which merely Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) looked into. Impregnations are helpful to measure whether a alteration in bosom rate or blood force per unit area affects impregnations or whether a alteration in these may be due to a airing job. ( Rivers 2001 ) The result steps of the cardiac rehabilitation surveies are all different but all have likewise looked at exercising capacity after the intercession. This is shown by all the surveies utilizing VO2 as a step and that all the participants improved their VO2 upper limit to let for a greater exercising capacity. The lone survey that did non turn out an addition in VO2 soap was Goldberg s survey ( 1981 ) which merely showed an betterment in maximal work rate. This could hold been due to the day of the month in which the survey was undertaken. This was one of the earlier surveies done in 1981 and hence engineering may non hold been as accurate or every bit dependable as some of the ulterior surveies done since 2000. However Goldberg s survey was the 1 that had the most intervention clip of all the surveies with exercising of up to 45 proceedingss completed on alternate yearss with a rigorous government to increase class of exercising over the 6 hebdomads. This leads me to believe that pos sibly it was inappropriate testing or inaccurate engineering that changed the consequences of the survey as old reappraisals have shown that an addition in exercising clip has shown to hold positive effects on wellness. As engineering has developed since the early 1880ss, this may be why more accurate testing is used and hence doing consequences more positive to the result we wish. Another job in tests of this kind is conformity. Conformity is ever an issue when finishing surveies ( Burke 1997 ) . Initially enrolling people to take part is hard and many people with either choose non to take part or may drop-out early in the survey. Many people will non take part because of exercising proving being excessively invasive or because of geographical deductions as the distance to the base of the survey being an issue. Some of the surveies had big drop-out rates with about 30 % lessening in patients ab initio feasible for the intervention program and those who undertook the trials in the survey ( Arvidsson 2009 ) . I think this could be explained by that the surveies involved child participants that are less compliant to long term programmes and who tire easy to an activity. Besides due to the nature of the surgery that they have all completed, many parents will be protective over their kids and be forcing the participant s exercising tolerance will do many parents wo rried about their kid s wellness. Much of this can be avoided by specifically explicating the processs and replying any inquiries that the parent or participant may hold to educate them that this a intervention program and is non traveling to impede their kid s recovery or wellness. Besides intercession clip is a major issue when looking at tests. Some may be yearss long and others have followups of old ages one time the intercession has finished. The surveies that focus on Cardiac rehabilitation all have assorted clip graduated tables of their intercession with the shortest plan being six hebdomads ( Goldberg 1981 ) and the longest around 20 hebdomads ( Opocher 2005 ) . The difference in timescale and the different figure of Sessionss that the participants attend makes it hard to measure whether it is the content of the plan that affects the patients or whether merely exerting over a longer, more sustained period of clip effects the participants in the same manner. I think surveies that look at different contents of intervention programmes but have a fixed intercession clip may be good in make up ones minding the purpose of this reappraisal. When looking at the surveies, all of the cardiac rehabilitation plans merely assess the patients exercise public presentation heterosexual after the plan and merely one survey looks at the effects of the plan long term. Rhodes et al 2005 foremost looked at the immediate consequence of a cardiac rehabilitation plan and so in 2006 did another survey looking at the same participants of the old survey six months after the original plan. The surveies that look at exercising capacity before and after surgery besides do non look at the effects of the cardiovascular system in response to exert on a long term graduated table. Long term effects are the best index to state that map and exercising capacity has improved ( Miller 2005 ) . Sociodemographics of the topics in a survey are besides of import to reexamine as to its engagement in truth of consequences. Different age ranges or male to female ratios cause surveies to be inaccurate in seeking to generalize the population group. Many of the surveies had a really big age scope within their participant groups with the largest difference being 17.6 old ages in Marino et Al s survey in 2005. I feel that the exercising difference between a seven twelvemonth old is really different to that of a 24 twelvemonth old. I feel that a big age scope is used to increase capable Numberss. Male: Female ratios are besides of import and that a big bulk in these surveies had male participants. The biggest ratio of male to female was in Opocher s ( 2005 ) survey where there were nine male participants and merely one female participants. The best ratio of male: female was either Moalla ( 2006 ) survey with 44 males and 39 females. This is of import as I believe work forces and adult females react otherwise to exercising. Capable Numberss is besides a big job with these surveies. Due to most of the surveies merely looking at the kids that have had surgery in their trust or infirmary they have decreased their capable Numberss and none of the surveies look at the effects on big figure of topics on a national graduated table. The surveies that looked at cardiac rehabilitation all have capable Numberss under 16 which is a really large restriction. The lone surveies that have larger Numberss are the 1s that look at exercising capacity after surgery. By holding participants that are merely from the immediate country of the survey base besides means you do non acquire a generalized position of everyone nationally and you may non cover different kids from different backgrounds socially and economically and so may hold different attitudes to rehabilitation, intervention and self-management. Surveies with participants that are non generalised to their population group can therefore bring forth a prejudice consequence to that specific population group. Besides holding different backgrounds of participants is of import in measuring their conformity and what single exercising programme they should be given. Having a specific age scope is peculiarly of import as many of the topics may be inappropriate for the programme due to their age. Some of the topics may be excessively immature and utilizing topics that are under six old ages old would be inappropriate due to the topics being excessively immature to understand the instructions of the survey. Using older topics may besides do different consequences as their organic structures have had longer to recover independent map and the organic structure has had clip to counterbalance for a deficiency in cardiorespiratory map. I think it is of import to maintain variables every bit compendious as possible and tests should be able t o based on one variable entirely and genuinely work on whether surgery or exercising has an consequence on that variable independently. Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation The surveies looking at cardiac rehabilitation all have an exercising programme set up for their patients either at place ( Moalla 2006 ) or in an outpatient scene ( Ruttenberg 1983 ) . These Sessionss runing in therapy clip from one hr surrogate yearss to one hr one time a hebdomad, all show an addition in either cardiorespiratory public presentation or in exercising tolerance. This shows that a rehabilitation programme is appropriate for these patients and does hold a positive consequence on the participant s life. Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) had the greatest consequence on the patient s concluding result. Not merely did most of the proving consequence in important effects but the big scope of result steps used agencies that we can measure non merely the cardiovascular public presentation of the participant but besides look at the pneumonic effects of the exercising and their effects of the bosom and the cardiac system. What we can besides see from this reappraisal is that the cardiac rehabilitation programmes are going more important in consequences as the surveies get newer. This is a good index that current programmes are being effectual in their rehabilitation ( Opocher 2005, Rhodes 2005/6, Moalla 2006 ) and that newer techniques and more cognition on exercising has lead to better run categories which non merely better consequences more systematically than the older surveies and that the effects from an initial programme can besides be maintained for 6months after intercession ( Rhodes 2006 ) . Effectss of Cardiovascular Surgery Two of the surveies looking at effects of surgery merely have exercising testing after the surgery. The survey by Arvidsson merely used the figure of athleticss Sessionss a hebdomad that the participant goes to after the surgery. Therefore a direct comparing between their before and after the surgery ability can non be done and so the survey is merely looking at their athleticss engagement after surgery and non the effects of the surgery. However these surveies do demo that after surgery kids s exercising tolerance additions to the degree that healthy participants are accomplishing ( Zaccara 2003 ) and they are take parting in equal sums of athleticss engagement following surgery ( Arvidsson 2009 ) Future thoughts In future surveies, long term effects of cardiac rehabilitation should be researched, with a follow-up trial of a least a twelvemonth after their rehabilitation to see if the participant is now more active. I besides think a control group should be used in the survey to look at the effects of non-surgical patients that besides participate in cardiac rehabilitation. This is to measure whether the betterment seen during cardiac rehabilitation is non merely a response to any exercising and that if a kid went back to normalcy and take parting in athleticss so they will merely be as exercising tolerant as kids who do non hold CHD. Besides I would propose that an exercising programme for the patients that is more functional but besides merriment and exciting for the patient should be used to increase conformity and besides enjoyment for the participants and their parents. Decision In decision, Cardiac surgery is a normally used signifier of cut downing inborn bosom defects and has been shown by these surveies that the surgery does hold an betterment on the patient s cardiorespiratory public presentation. I have besides found that a cardiac rehabilitation programme is good for pediatric patients after cardiac surgery for inborn bosom defects. References/ Bibliography Arvidsson, D ( 2009 ) Physical Activity, athleticss engagement and aerophilic fittingness in kids who have undergone surgery for inborn bosom defects. Acta Paediatrica 98 pp. 1475-1482 Balfour, I. ( 1991 ) Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation. AJDC- Volume 145 pp. 627-630 Bradley, L. ( 1985 ) Consequence of Intense Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Children After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 56 pp.816-818 Burke, L. ( 1997 ) Conformity with cardiovascular disease bar schemes: A reappraisal of the research. Annalss of Behavioural Medicine. Volume 19, figure 3, pp. 239-263 Cullen, S. ( 1991 ) Exercise in Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiology in the Young ; 1: pp. 129-135 Deanfield J. ( 2003 ) Congenital Heart Disease Statistics ( accessed on 8/11/09 ) British Heart Foundation Statistics Database www.heartstats.org disease take part in athletics and in which sort of athletics? Journal Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7: pp. 234-238 Draper, Dr. Richard ( 2008 ) Congenital Heart Disease in Children ( accessed on 3/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease- ( CHD ) -in-Children.htm ECHO ( Evelina Children s Heart Organisation ) ( accessed on 15/11/2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.echo-evelina.org.uk/ Goldberg, B. ( 1981 ) Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance of Children Following Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Vol. 68 No.5 pp. 691-699 hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18088.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/8807.jpg Marino, B. ( 2006 ) Exercise Performance in kids and striplings after the Ross process. Cardiology in the Young 16: 40-47 Miller, T. ( 2005 ) Exercise rehabilitation of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Advancement in Paediatric Cardiology Volume 20, pp. 27-37 Minamisawa, S. ( 2001 ) Consequence of Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Patients After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 88 pp. 695-699 Moalla, W. ( 2006 ) Consequence of exercising preparation on respiratory musculus oxygenation in kids with inborn bosom disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13: 604-611 National Statistics ( 2007 ) Congenital anomaly Statistics Notifications. Office for National Statistics. Series MB3, no.22 Opocher, F. ( 2005 ) Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Children After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Vol. 95 pp.150-152 Picchio F. ( 2006 ) Can a kid who has been operated on for inborn bosom Rhodes J. ( 2006 ) Sustained Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Children with serious Congenital Heart Disease. Paediatrics Volume 118:3 pp.586-592 Rhodes, J. ( 2005 ) Impact of Cardiac Rehabiliation on the Exercise Function of Children with Serious Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Volume 116:6 pp.1339-1345 Rivers, E. ( 2001 ) Central venous O impregnation monitoring in the critically sick patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care. Volume 7, issue 3, pp. 204-211 Ruttenberg, H. ( 1983 ) Effectss of Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness in Children after Open Heart Surgery. Pediatric Cardiology Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-24 Sarubbi, B. ( 2000 ) Exercise Capacity in Young Patients after Total Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Paediatric Cardiology 21: 211-215 Tomassoni, T. ( 1996 ) Role of exercising in the direction of cardiovascular disease in kids and young person. Medicine A ; Science in Sports A ; Exercise. Volume 28 ( 4 ) , pp 406-413 Washington RL. Et Al. ( 1994 ) Guidelines for exercising testing in the paediatric age group. Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 90 ; pp. 2166-2179 Zaccara, A. ( 2003 ) Cardiopulmonary Performances in Young Children and Adolescents Born with Large Abdominal Wall Defects. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 38 ; 3 pp 478-481

Sterling Price - American Civil War - Major General

Sterling Price - American Civil War - Major General Sterling Price - Early Life Career: Born September 20, 1809 in Farmville, VA, Sterling Price was the son of wealthy planters Pugh and Elizabeth Price.   Receiving his early education locally, he later attended Hampden–Sydney College in 1826 before departing to pursue a career in law.   Admitted to the Virginia bar, Price briefly practiced in his home state until following his parents to Missouri in 1831.   Settling in Fayette and then Keytesville, he married Martha Head on May 14, 1833.   During this time, Price engaged in a variety of enterprises including tobacco farming, a mercantile concern, and operating a hotel.   Gaining some prominence, he was elected to the Missouri State House of Representatives in 1836.   Sterling Price - Mexican-American War: In office two years, Price aided in resolving the Mormon War of 1838.   Returning to the state house in 1840, he later served as speaker before being elected to the US Congress in 1844.   Remaining in Washington a little over a year, Price resigned his seat on August 12, 1846 to serve in the Mexican-American War.   Returning home, he raised and was made colonel of the  Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted Volunteer Cavalry.   Assigned to Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearnys command, Price and his men moved southwest and aided in the capture of Santa Fe, New Mexico.   While Kearny moved west, Price received orders to serve as military governor of New Mexico. In this capacity, he put down the Taos Revolt in January 1847.    Promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20, Price was appointed as military governor of Chihuahua.   As governor, he defeated Mexican forces at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales on March 18, 1848, eight days after the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.   Though reprimanded for this action by Secretary of War William L. Marcy, no further punishment occurred.   Leaving military service on November 25, Price returned to Missouri.   Considered a war hero, he easily won election as governor in 1852.   An effective leader, Price departed office in 1857 and became the states banking commissioner.    Sterling Price - The Civil War Begins:        Ã‚     Ã‚   With the secession crisis following the election of 1860, Price initially opposed the actions of the southern states.   As a prominent politician, he was elected to head the Missouri State Convention to debate secession on February 28, 1861.   Though  the state voted to remain in the Union, Prices sympathies shifted following Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyons seizure of Camp Jackson near St. Louis and arrest of the Missouri Militia.   Casting his lot with the Confederacy, he was appointed to lead the Missouri State Guard by pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson with the rank of major general.   Dubbed Old Pap by his men, Price embarked on a campaign to push Union troops out of Missouri. Sterling Price - Missouri Arkansas: On August 10, 1861, Price, along with Confederate Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch,  engaged Lyon at the Battle of Wilsons Creek.   The fighting saw Price win a victory and Lyon killed.   Pressing on, Confederate troops claimed another victory at Lexington in September.   Despite these successes, Union reinforcements compelled Price and McCulloch, who had become fierce rivals, to withdraw into northern Arkansas in early 1862.   Due to the conflict between the two men, Major General Earl Van Dorn was dispatched to take overall command.   Seeking to regain the initiative, Van Dorn led his new command against Brigadier General Samuel Curtis Union army at Little Sugar Creek in early March.   While the army was on the move, Prices major general commission was finally transferred to the Confederate Army.   Leading an effective attack at the  Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7, Price was wounded.   Though Prices actions were largely successful, Van Dorn was beaten the fo llowing day and forced to retreat. Sterling Price - Mississippi: Following Pea Ridge, Van Dorns army received orders to cross the Mississippi River to reinforce General P.G.T. Beauregards army at Corinth, MS.   Arriving, Prices division saw service in the Siege of Corinth that May and withdrew south when Beauregard elected to abandon the town.   That fall, when Beauregards replacement,  General Braxton Bragg, moved to invade Kentucky, Van Dorn and Price were left to defend Mississippi.   Pursued by Major General Don Carlos Buells Army of the Ohio, Bragg directed Prices enlarged Army of the West to march from Tupelo, MS north towards Nashville, TN. This force was to be aided by Van Dorns smaller Army of West Tennessee. Together, Bragg hoped  this combined force to would prevent Major General Ulysses S.  Grant from moving to aid Buell.         Ã‚   Marching north, Price engaged Union forces under Major General William S. Rosecrans on September 19 at the Battle of Iuka.   Attacking the enemy, he was unable to break through Rosecrans lines.   Bloodied, Price elected to withdraw and moved to unite with Van Dorn at Ripley, MS.   Rendezvousing five days later, Van Dorn led the combined force against Rosecrans lines at Corinth on October 3.   Assaulting the Union positions for two days in the Second Battle of Corinth, Van Dorn failed to achieve victory.   Angered by Van Dorn and desiring to take his command back to Missouri, Price traveled to Richmond, VA and met with President Jefferson Davis.   Making his case, he was chastised by Davis who questioned his loyalty.   Stripped of his command, Price received orders to return to the Trans-Mississippi Department. Sterling Price - Trans-Mississippi: Serving under Lieutenant General Theophilus H. Holmes, Price spent the first half of 1863 in Arkansas.   On July 4, he performed well in the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Helena and assumed command of the army as it withdrew to Little Rock. AR.   Pushed out of the state capital later that year, Price ultimately fell back to Camden, AR.   On March 16, 1864, he took command of the District of Arkansas.   The following month, Price opposed Major General Frederick Steeles advance through the southern part of the state.   Misinterpreting Steeles objectives, he lost Camden without a fight on April 16.   Though Union forces had won a victory, they were short on supplies and Steele elected to withdraw to Little Rock.   Harried by Price and reinforcements led by General Edmund Kirby Smith, Steeles rearguard defeated this combined force at Jenkins Ferry in late April. Following this campaign, Price began advocating for an invasion of Missouri with the goal of reclaiming the state and endangering President Abraham Lincolns reelection that fall.   Though Smith granted permission for the operation, he stripped Price of his infantry.   As a result, the effort in Missouri would be limited to a large-scale cavalry raid.   Moving north with 12,000 horsemen on August 28, Price crossed into Missouri and engaged Union forces at Pilot Knob a month later.   Turning west, he fought a string of battles as his men laid waste to the countryside.   Increasingly hemmed in by Union forces, Price was badly beaten by Curtis, now leading the Department of Kansas Indian Territory, and Major General Alfred Pleasonton at Westport on October 23.   Pursued into hostile Kansas, Price turned south, passed through the Indian Territory and finally halted at Laynesport, AR on December 2 having lost half of his command. Sterling Price - Later Life: Largely inactive for the remainder of the war, Price elected not to surrender at its conclusion and instead rode to Mexico with part of his command in the hope of serving in the army of Emperor Maximilian.   Turned down by the Mexican leader, he briefly led a community of Confederate expatriates living in Veracruz before growing ill with intestinal issues.   In August 1866, Prices condition worsened when he contracted typhoid.   Returning to St. Louis, he lived in an impoverished state until dying on September 29, 1867.   His remains were buried in the citys Bellefontaine Cemetery. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Major General Sterling PriceHistory of War: Major General Sterling PriceEncyclopedia of Arkansas: Major General Sterling Price

Compare and contrast skinner and moore's different views Essay

Compare and contrast skinner and moore's different views - Essay Example So experiment and observation, highly empirical they are, but would therefore make sense. It is only through doing these based on Skinner’s point that we could understand when a certain thing happens, another thing should follow. This means things we see now are results of something happen, so there must something happening before we see things as they are. This means further that an internal psychological state exists only then that we could exactly determine it, but based on Skinner’s claim we could be certain it certainly does exist. Thus, Skinner is compelled to believe we have no free will, because there is â€Å"technology† of human behavior that controls us, and there are forces around us that cause us to create our choice or determine our behavior. Based on these, Skinner has two conflicting views: we have no control over our actions; we ought to behave in a certain way, which only implies we have choices to make, so at some point we are given the chance to control our actions. Determinism at this case seems to become incompatible with ethics, as Skinner believes forces around could either shape people as good or something else. Moore’s soft determinism According to Moore’s point of view influenced by soft determinism, hard determinism of Skinner seems to be incompatible with ethics as it could be claimed people may not be held responsible for their actions. Moore believes that a person without free will has no moral obligations. So in Moore’s point of view, Skinner must be denying something intuitive. As Moore would want to point out, the word â€Å"could† only implies we really have choices to take. That is, an able person seeing somebody drowning could either save that person or not under certain circumstance. For Moore it is morally right to save life, as this is what the moral society dictates. However, a person could also choose not to save someone else’s life and accept what the moral societ y will have to say as a result of such action. Here where Moore clearly wants to point out people have free will. Everyone â€Å"could† choose to do things, so we are left with choices. Analysis It is clear on the point of Skinner that external forces are the ones creating our choices. So Skinner is convinced there is no way we could have free will because forces around us have already predetermined our actions. At this point, Moore’s claim that we have free will cannot be compatible with the idea that we could choose for ourselves choices to take as they are already predetermined. If Skinner’s point is right, much better than Moore’s, then the two of them might be arguing something that did not exist at all and significantly undetermined. We have therefore to note that Skinner and Moore are trying to believe in the premise that â€Å"everything always being caused,† which is the very idea of determinism. This means everything we do is predetermine d. Moore’s claim could therefore create a point if free will, based on Skinner’s point of view is something that exists and a strong influential force that could determine choices or actions of people. However, if free will is something that is also predetermined, then it could create certain actions, which according to Skinner must be predetermined as well. In this case, it is relevant and valid when Skinner would claim external forces

Juvenile Trials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Trials - Assignment Example In contrast, all the court proceedings in adult criminal trial are different. A juvenile justice system is primarily made under the assumption that juveniles are developmentally different from adults and their behaviour is pliable. The purpose is to rehabilitate and not to punish the juveniles whereas adults are more likely to get severe punishments. Juvenile records are sealed documents restricted to public access and even their hearings are not done in public. Whereas criminal records are kept for public access and it is necessary that all the court proceedings are open to public. The juvenile offenders are put on hearing rather than a trial unlike defendants in the criminal justice system who are put on trial based on legal facts. Although the court takes action in the child’s best interest, generally juvenile trials are not the best way to handle juvenile offenders in most of the cases. The juvenile who undergoes trial lives a life of solitude thereafter. â€Å"Labelling theory states that once young people are labelled as criminals, they are more likely to offend.† (Juvenile delinquency). References ‘Juvenile delinquency’.

Evaluation of Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Gender Inequality Essay Charlotte Brontà « wrote in Jane Eyre, â€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will.† No visible net ensnares womankind. However, long have women been viewed and treated as unequal to their male counterparts. This inequality is alive everywhere. As displayed in Of Mice and Men, gender inequality is alive even in fiction. Gender equality has been an ongoing struggle in fiction and reality, our country and foreign countries, and in the past and the present. Gender inequality effects the people of the entire world. For example, there are major issues involving gender in Egypt. In Egypt, there are the sparks of movements trying to introduce women into government without challenging the reigning Brotherhood. Another place that struggles with gender inequality is the U.S. where women representation in government is very low. Only 17 out of 100 senate seats are held by women. Even in the U.S., one of the most highly regarded nations in the world, women are not entirely equal. Gender inequality has effected people all through time. In example, it wasn’t until the 1920’s that women could vote in the U.S. Women have long been considered less than their male counterparts. Only recently have women put a dent in the extreme patriarchy that has existed all through history. Today, women still are of unequal representation, pay, and rights across the globe. For example, in the U.S. today, there is an average pay gap of 77% (as of 2009). This means women earn 77 cents to a man’s dollar as pay for the same positions. This is one example of how inequality lingers in modern day first world countries. Gender inequality is also existent in both reality and fiction. We have already given many examples of real cases and statistics including representation and wage gaps. However, there is also gender inequality in the fictional world. For example, in Of Mice and Men, Curly’s wife is a prime example of gender struggles. She is constantly being marginalized. Sheis viewed as a thing that would get Lennie in trouble instead of an actual person. Even her name is never spoken. She is referred to as â€Å"Curly’s wife† which reaffirms Curly’s ownership over her and her status as a possession or an object instead of a human being. When her dead body is found, the first and only comment made of her death was along the lines of, â€Å"Poor boy.† Curly’s wife’s death was seen as nothing but something unfortunate for Lennie. This contributes to the pile of evidence that can conclude that Curly’s wife was considered a mere object. Through time, in foreign countries, and even in between pages, gender inequality has been a constant struggle. Charlotte Bronte wrote that she, a woman, is no bird. A woman, after having a net thrown on her and her fellows time and time again, must decide to declare that they are not a bird, but a human being. Human beings aren’t to be ensnared. It is said that the first step of fixing a problem is the recognition that it exists. So, women must understand that the net encompassing them is not a blanket, but a prison. Together, womankind must stand and declare, â€Å"We are not birds.† Hopefully, these examples of gender inequality is bringing more attention to the â€Å"net.† Hopefully, the realization will dawn that gender inequality is thriving among us and will not die out on its own. It has existed everywhere, always. A mighty effort is to be made to begin the reversal of this inequality and injustice.

Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories :: English Literature

Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories Analyse the way the villain is presented in three Sherlock Holmes stories. Is there a stereotype? In Conan Doyle’s stories, ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’, ‘Silver Blaze’ and ‘The Adventures of the Dancing Men.’ the villain is always used as the key element. It’s interesting that Doyle always makes the villain more fascinating than the hero. This is certainly true in each of these of these stories. In the Speckled Band, the villain is a Dr Roylott. This was not made clear to the reader until the very end of the story, a trick that Conan Doyle uses in all three of these stories. Dr Roylott is the stepfather to Helen Stoner and her sister Julia Stoner. He is presented by Helen Stoner in the beginning of the story when she goes to visit Sherlock Holmes. She describes past events and her suspicions about her stepfather. She begins by flattering Sherlock Holmes by saying ‘I have heard†¦, that you can see deeply into the manifold wickedness of the human heart.’ She then begins from the beginning telling Mr. Holmes everything about her life and why she ended up at his door. She starts by describing her stepfather as a man who is the last survivor of one of the oldest Saxon families in England. He has access to  £1000 a year which was left to him by his wife, a vast sum in those days. Rylott was then supposed to give Helen and her sister a yearly allowance when they married. As soon as his wife left the money to the stepfather in her will, coincidently she died in a tragic railway accident which had happened eight years previously. These are big clues to the reader to make them suspicious and to make them think he is a villain. Helen and her sister from that moment have been very isolated from the outside world. They had been living in the house with their stepfather and his two Indian animals, which are a cheetah and a baboon, which were both allowed to walk free around the grounds. Helen goes on to describe some nasty fights and the stress caused by these. incidences. She describes to Sherlock Holmes the fact that her sister was particularly distressed. ‘She was but 30 at the time of her death, and yet her hair had already began to whiten, even as mine has.’ It is then that we learn that her sister is dead and that her death occurred within two weeks of her getting engaged to a young man.

Face and Social Media Essay

#1: Product – not just another knock-off Competing only on price was not what XiaoMi has chosen as their core strategy. Surely, their phones and tablets are cheaper than Apple’s and Samsung’s but, by far, not the cheapest ones in the market. There are cheaper smartphones that flood China, however all of them have a major flow – poor quality. Essentially, those devices are reverse-engineered versions of Samsung models built from cheaper materials. By coming up with a good quality phone at lower price range was the key strategic move that put XiaoMi firmly on the map. The phone has a robust case, high quality screen and a reasonable battery. It doesn’t break easily, unlike cheaper copycats that start having issues after just a few months of use. By building it’s own Android-based OS called MIUI, XiaoMi phones got new exciting features not found on standard Android devices as well as plenty of customization options. #2: Price – pay less now, pay more later XiaoMi has also realized that selling cheaper phones near their actual cost was not a sustainable long term strategy, so they decided to go with the Amazon’s model – just cover the cost of the devices and make money from selling content. Although, XiaoMi is often compared to Apple, especially considering the fact that their founder, Lei Jun, resembles Steve Jobs in his style and charisma, it is clear that XiaoMi’s true inspiration comes from Amazon. Also, XiaoMi mostly sells online which further reduces cost of sales and overheads related to brick and mortar stores or dealing with distributors and retailers. XiaoMi has also managed to harness the power of social media by not only broadcasting their messages and announcements but by actively engaging with their customers. Engineers are routinely encouraged to speak directly to consumers and use gathered feedback to refine software. #3: Place – gain strength at home first Although there are rumors of XiaoMi’s inevitable coming to North American and European markets, the company seems to stay focused on China with 97% of the shipments locally. It has been mentioned that their next target will be in South East Asia and, most likely, other BRIC countries. Recently, ex-Google executive, Hugo Barra, who himself hails from Brazil, has become new XiaoMi’s international face. It seems that the company is not in a rush to  go to more developed markets dominated by Apple and Samsung and prefers staying focused in its home base where the market is still booming. Perhaps, potential IP related troubles stemming from frequent accusations of possible infringements, also play role in choosing to stay away from US and EU for now. #4: Promotion – the power of word of mouth OK, this one got to be my favorite so I have to break it down. First of all, early on, they have pioneered flash style sales which were done with little or no advertising. Flash sales basically mean selling limited quantities during limited periods. They always create anticipation and urgency – great factors to win consumers’ minds and hearts. Needless to say, the units were sold quickly and talked over a lot all over China’s vibrant social media. Word of mouth marketing worked very well for XiaoMi and they continue to take full advantage of it. #5: Promotion – active use of social media XiaoMi has also managed to harness the power of social media by not only broadcasting their messages and announcements but by actively engaging with their customers. Engineers are routinely encouraged to speak directly to consumers and use gathered feedback to refine software. #6: Promotion – dedicated brand advocates Through its active role in social media, XiaoMi has also succeeded in building a dedicated fan base. Those Mi-fans are very active in social media and are, in some ways, similar to those hardcore Apple advocates that we are all familiar with. Mi-fans are always present at XiaoMi’s product launches where they are known for loud cheering and applauding. #7: Promotion – CEO as the face of the brand Last but not least, XiaoMi’s charismatic boss, Lei Jun, does a great job in making his brand look cool and current. He has put a face to a brand, something that traditional executives in China wouldn’t feel comfortable doing. Lei Jen’s similarity to Steve Jobs in the ways he talks about the brand is not a coincidence – the late Apple’s founder still holds an almost iconic image among Chinese.

Dangerous habits of drivers Essay

Driving a vehicle is a serious matter and requires a great deal of responsibility. Poor driving habits can cause tragic loss that could have been preventable. By taking a defensive approach to driving, we could ultimately save someone’s life or help prevent an accident. To prevent accidents, drivers need to have a responsible attitude and a level of maturity. Driving is a major part of life but some habits like, using cell phones, speeding, and drinking and driving could be known as abusing the right of driving. Firstly, talking and texting while driving is a major addiction that could lead to accidents. People spend a big part of their day commuting; many use this time to catch up on phone calls or returning messages. Getting caught up in a conversation on a cell phone can lead to the loss of focusing. It is hard to be aware of two things at a time, but some people don’t realize this because of over confidence. Texting while driving could also lead to loss of control on the car. This most likely happens when one is using both hands to text and is also looking down on the phone. If there is no control of the steering wheel by the driver, the consequences could lead to death. I myself was one of those drivers until my six-year-old son told me once â€Å"mom you can’t use your phone when you are in the car; it’s not safe!† I was so embarrassed when I heard his little voice. I asked my son where he had heard this and he said his teacher told them in class. I immediately apologized to my kids and told him he was right and I will no longer use my phone when I’m in the car. There are so many applications for our smartphones that will help with the addiction to talking and texting while driving. Secondly, another bad habit is driving over the speed limit. There is always people running late for appointments, teen drivers who feel they have a great deal of experience behind the wheel, and drivers with fast sports vehicles who think they have the right to go faster than everyone else. Speeding can cause a driver to receive a ticket, go to court, attend traffic school, and on top of all that, make their insurance rates rise. If a driver gets several speeding tickets in a short amount of time, the DMV may suspend the license. When you speed, you have less time to react to unexpected situations. Other drivers have less time to react to your situation.

The Utilitarian Art of the Mesolithic Age

The Utilitarian Art of the Mesolithic Age Otherwise known as Middle Stone Age, the Mesolithic Age covered a brief span of around 2,000 years. While it served as an important bridge between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages, the art of this period was, well, sort of boring. From this distance, its not nearly as fascinating as the discovery of (and innovations in) the art of the preceding era. And the art of the subsequent Neolithic era is exponentially diverse, besides being more well-preserved and offering us thousands of examples of itself, instead of a handful. Still, lets briefly cover the artistic events of the Mesolithic Age because, after all, its a distinct era from any other. Animal Husbandry During this period, most of the glacial ice in the Northern Hemisphere had retreated, leaving behind geography and climates familiar to us in the present day. Along with the glaciers, certain foods disappeared (the wooly mammoth, for example) and the migration patterns of others (reindeer) changed as well. People gradually adapted, assisted by the facts that more temperate weather and diverse edible plants were there to aid in survival. Since humans didnt have to live in caves or follow herds any longer, this era saw the beginnings of both settled communities and farming. The Mesolithic Age also saw the invention of the bow and arrow, pottery for food storage and the domestication of a few animals- either for food or, in the case of dogs, for help in the hunting of food. MesolithicArt Pottery was beginning to be produced at this time, though it was mostly utilitarian in design. In other words, a pot just needed to hold water or grain, not necessarily exist as a feast for the eyes. The artistic designs were mainly left up to later peoples to create. The portable statuary of the Upper Paleolithic was largely absent during the Mesolithic Age. This is likely a result of people settling down and no longer requiring art that could travel. Since the invention of the arrow had occurred, much of this periods carving time seems to have been spent knapping flint, obsidian and other minerals which lent themselves to sharp, pointy tips. The most interesting Mesolithic Age art that we know of consists of rock paintings. Similar in nature to the Paleolithic cave paintings, these moved out of doors to vertical cliffs or walls of natural rock, often semi-protected by outcroppings or overhangs. Though these rock paintings have been found in locations ranging from the far north in Europe to southern Africa, as well as elsewhere around the globe, the largest concentration of them exists in eastern Spains Levant. While no one can say with certainty, the theory exists that the paintings locations werent chosen at random. The spots may have held sacred, magical or religious significance. Very often, a rock painting exists within close proximity to a different, more suitable spot upon which to paint. Characteristics of Mesolithic Art Between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic eras, the biggest shift in painting occurred in the subject matter. Where cave paintings overwhelmingly depicted animals, rock paintings were usually of human groupings. The painted humans typically seem to be engaged in either hunting or rituals whose purposes have been lost to time. Far from being realistic, the humans shown in rock painting are highly stylized, rather like glorified stick figures. These humans look more like pictographs than pictures, and some historians feel they represent the primitive beginnings of writing (i.e.: hieroglyphs). Very often the groupings of figures are painted in repetitive patterns, which results in a nice sense of rhythm (even if were not sure what theyre meant to be doing, exactly).

What If Your Grad School Recommendation Is Missing

What If Your Grad School Recommendation Is Missing Recommendation letters are a vital part of your application to graduate school. All applications require multiple letters of recommendation from professionals, typically faculty members, who evaluate your capacity for graduate-level work. Selecting faculty to approach and soliciting recommendation letters is challenging. Applicants usually breathe a sigh of relief once several faculty  members have agreed to write on their behalf. Asking Is Not Enough Once you have obtained your letters, do not rest on your laurels. Stay aware of the status of your application, particularly whether each program has received your recommendation letters. Your application will not be read- not one word will pass the admission committees eyes- until it is complete. Your application is not complete until all recommendation letters are received. Most graduate programs notify students of the status of their applications. Some send emails to students with incomplete applications. Many have online tracking systems that permit students to log in and determine their status. Take advantage of opportunities to check up on your application. Recommendation letters do not always arrive on time- or at all. Now What? With admissions deadlines rapidly approaching, its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. If a recommendation letter is missing, you must approach the faculty member and give a gentle nudge. Many students find requesting recommendation letters difficult. Following up on late letters often is petrifying. Dont be afraid. Its a stereotype, but often true: Many faculty  members are tardy. They are late to class, late returning student work, and late in sending recommendation letters. Professors may explain that graduate programs expect faculty letters to be late. That may be true (or not)- its your job to ensure that your letters arrive on time. You cant control the faculty members behavior, but you can offer gentle reminders. Email the faculty member and explain that the graduate program contacted you because your application is incomplete as they have not received all of your recommendation letters. Most faculty will immediately apologize, perhaps say that they forgot, and promptly send it. Others may not check their email or reply to your message. If the professor does not answer email, your next step is to call. In many cases, you will have to leave a voicemail. Identify yourself- clearly, state your name. Explain that you are following up to request a recommendation letter be present because the graduate program has not received it. Leave your phone number by speaking slowly and clearly. Thank the professor, then leave your phone number and name again (speak slowly and clearly). When you speak to the professor, be factual (e.g., the admissions coordinator says the letter has not been received) and be courteous. Do not accuse the faculty member of being late or of trying to undermine your application. The fact is that he or she probably simply forgot to Remember that you want your professor to be a good move and think highly of you as he or she writes your letter, so be polite and deferential. Follow Up After you have reminded faculty your job is not done. Follow up with the graduate programs. Its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. Some faculty might tell you that they will send the letter soon, but they again may fall victim to tardiness. Check up. You might find a week or two later that the letter still has not arrived. Again remind the professor. This time email and call. It isnt fair, but the reality is that some faculty, though they mean well, do not send recommendation letters on time. Be aware of this and do your best to ensure that your graduate application is complete and on time.

Foreign Policy and the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Policy and the Middle East - Essay Example ng a permanent American force to remain in the country in so that it could maintain order and secure the gains that many American servicemen had died for. Furthermore, Republicans believe that in matters concerning conflicts in the Middle East, such as the ongoing Syrian civil war, it is essential for the United States to become actively involved in the overthrow of the Assad regime and replacing it with one which favors America. These policies are a direct opposite of those which the Democrats stand for, with the latter preferring a more subtle American approach to foreign policy where diplomacy is given precedence (Mostofi 227). The withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East is a step towards reducing the risk posed to the country. Furthermore, through the use of drone technology, it has become possible to fight terrorists without having to bring in troops to combat them. Therefore, according to the Democrats, American role in the Middle East should be limited to partnershi ps with its allies rather than on direct intervention in internal affairs of the countries in the region. Withdrawal of forces from the Middle East by the Obama administration is a move designed to ensure that the country remains safer. It is certain that United States spent billions of dollars and lost many servicemen in the Middle East for the purpose of keeping their country safe. While this was the case, the Middle Eastern situation, especially in Iraq, instead of improving, became even worse ("Obama Commits to Troop Withdrawal from Iraq by 2011" 4). This was essentially because the American backed government became the oppressors of the minority Sunni population in Iraq and this created an environment ripe for sectarian violence. This forms of violence continued for years, this despite the presence of American troops. Therefore, the security of the nation was not helped in any way by the presence of troops in Iraq, hence justifications for the withdrawal. In addition, public

Waste Management in LA County Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waste Management in LA County - Essay Example In addition to the Integrated Waste Management Board, the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD) also undertakes significant tasks of waste management. The Sanitation Districts was established in 1923 with the County Sanitation Districts Act. It consists of 25 independent special districts which fulfill the waste management needs of around 5.1 million people in Los Angeles. It constructs, operates and maintains facilities to collect treat and disposes of sewage and industrial water (Green D., 2007 p.93). The major portion of landfills and waste water treatment plants in Los Angeles are operated by the Sanitation Districts. The LA County’s Integrated Waste Management Plan and Hazardous Waste management Plan are prepared and administered by the Department of Public Works (DPW). It also advises Los Angeles County’s Board of Supervisors on all issues on waste management. The major goal of this board is to reduce the solid waste through recycling, the composting, an d source reduction. It would also respond to any sort of complaints about the discharge of toxic waste that would harm the environment, soil, water, or wildlife. The CIWMB has initiated a ‘Zero Waste’ master plan of twenty year recycle program called Solid Waste Integrated Resource Plan (SWIRP). The program includes various tasks such as conversion, source reduction, recycling, renewable energy, and maximum material recovery in order to achieve the goal by 2030.